In a bipolar lead configuration, where does the impulse return to?

In a bipolar lead configuration, the impulse generated by the cardiac device is delivered through two distinct electrodes: the tip electrode (often considered the cathode) and a ring electrode (often the anode) situated further up the lead. When an electrical impulse is sent from the tip electrode, it travels to the ring electrode, which returns the current. The ring electrode serves as the return path for the electrical impulse, allowing complete the circuit and facilitating proper function of the device within the heart.

This bipolar setup is crucial because it minimizes the dispersal of the electrical signal to surrounding tissues, focusing it more effectively on cardiac tissues. This leads to better stimulation and response for cardiac pacing and is generally more efficient than unipolar configurations, which might have a less targeted stimulation effect. It also helps reduce the risk of complications associated with current being released into other surrounding areas.

The other options do not accurately describe the return pathway of the impulse, as they either misidentify the function of the electrodes or suggest alternative routes that do not relate to the standard operation of bipolar leads.